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  1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION.
    The purpose of these General Conditions of Use is to regulate access to contents and services for users. The company owner of the web domain is PATRONATO DEL MUSEO DEL CANAL INTEROCEÁNICO DE PANAMA, a non-profit corporation whose legal status was granted by Resolution of the Ministry of Government and Justice No. 209-P5-96, registered in the Common Microfilm Section of the Public Registry at File C-12087, Roll 3248, Image 0002, on May 29, 1996. Email info@museodelcanal.local

    1. The fact of accessing, browsing or using the services and contents of the Web Page implies that the User has read, is aware of and accepts without reservation the Conditions of Use. In this sense, the person who uses, navigates or accesses any of the contents and services offered on the Web Page shall be considered a User. The User undertakes to use the Website in accordance with the Law and the provisions of these Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy published on the Website. The User shall refrain from using the Website in any way that is unlawful or contrary to these Terms of Use.
    2. However, access to certain content and the use and/or acquisition/provision of certain services is subject to certain Special Conditions or General Contracting Conditions, which, depending on the case, will replace, complete and/or modify these Terms of Use, and in the event of contradiction, the contradictory terms of the Special Conditions or General Contracting Conditions will prevail over those stipulated in these Terms of Use. 
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    1. COPYRIGHT
      All content included on or made available through any museodelcanal.local Service, such as text, graphics, logos, button icons, images, sound files, digital downloads, data compilations, and software, is the property of Museo del Canal Interoceánico de Panamá or its content suppliers and protected by international copyright laws. The entire content hosted or made available through any DOMAIN NAME Service is the exclusive property of the Museo del Canal de Panamá and is protected by international copyright laws.
    2. TRADEMARKS
      In addition, the graphics, logos, page headers, button icons, scripts, and service names included in or available through any museodelcanal.local service are trademarks or trade dress of Museo del Canal Interoceánico de Panamá in Panama and other countries. The trademarks and trade dress of museodelcanal.local may not be used in connection with any product or service that is not owned by museodelcanal.local, in any manner that is likely to cause confusion among users, or in any manner that disparages or discredits Museo del Canal Interoceánico de Panamá. All other trademarks not owned by museodelcanal.local that are displayed on any museodelcanal.local Service are the property of their respective owners, who may or may not be affiliated or related in any way to museodelcanal.local, or sponsored by museodelcanal.local.
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  3. USE OF THE WEBSITE.
    1. The User will have access to the contents and use of the services provided by the Web Page free of charge, although some services may be subject to prior registration, prior contracting and/or payment of an amount by the User, which will be specified in their own General Contracting Conditions.
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    3. In particular, and by way of example only and without limitation, the User agrees not to collect data for advertising purposes, not to send any type of online advertising and not to transmit, disseminate or make available to third parties through the Services that may be provided by the Museo del Canal de Panamá, information, messages, graphics, sound or image files, photographs, recordings, software and in general any kind of material, data or content that, without limitation:
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      • Infringe the regulations on secrecy of communications;
      • Cause, due to their characteristics (such as format, length, etc.), difficulties in the normal operation of the Services.
  4. LICENSE ON COMMUNICATIONS.
    1. In the event that the User sends information of any kind to the Museo del Canal de Panamá through the Website, through the channels provided for such purpose on the Website, the User declares, guarantees and accepts that he/she has the right to do so freely, that such information does not infringe any intellectual property right, trademark, patent, trade secret, or any other third party right, that such information is not confidential, and that such information is not harmful to third parties.
    2. The User acknowledges that he/she assumes responsibility and shall hold harmless the Museo del Canal de Panamá for any communication that he/she personally or on his/her behalf provides, and that such responsibility shall cover without restriction the accuracy, legality, originality and ownership of the same.
  5. RESPONSIBILITIES AND GUARANTEES.
    1. The Museo del Canal de Panamá cannot guarantee the reliability, usefulness or veracity of the services or information provided through the Web Site.
      Consequently, the Museo del Canal de Panamá does not guarantee and is not responsible for: (i) the continuity of the contents of the Web Page; (ii) the absence of errors in said contents or products; (iii) the absence of viruses and/or other harmful components in the Web Page or in the server that supplies it; (iv) the invulnerability of the Web Page and/or the impregnability of the security measures adopted therein; (v) the lack of usefulness or performance of the contents and products of the Web Page; (vi) any damage or harm caused, to itself or to a third party, by any person who infringes the conditions, rules and instructions that the Museo del Canal de Panamá establishes in the Web Page or through the violation of the security systems of the same.
    2. Nevertheless, the Museo del Canal de Panamá declares that it has adopted all necessary measures, within its possibilities and the state of technology, to guarantee the operation of the Website and to prevent the existence and transmission of viruses and other harmful components to Users.
      If the User becomes aware of the existence of any content that is illicit, illegal, contrary to the law or that could imply an infringement of intellectual and/or industrial property rights, he/she must immediately notify the Museo del Canal Interoceánico de Panamá so that it may proceed with the adoption of the appropriate measures.
  6. LINKS.
    1. Links to other websites
      In the event that from the Web Page, the User may find links to other Web Pages through different buttons, links, banners, etc., these would be managed by third parties. The Museo del Canal de Panamá has neither the power nor the human or technical means to know, control or approve all the information, contents, products or services provided by other Web sites to which links may be established from the Web Site.
      Consequently, Museo del Canal de Panamá cannot assume any type of responsibility for any aspect related to the Web Page to which a link may be established from the same, specifically, but not limited to, its operation, access, data, information, files, quality and reliability of its products and services, its own links and/or any of its contents, in general.
      In this regard, if the Users have actual knowledge of the unlawfulness of activities carried out through these third-party Web pages, they must immediately notify the Museo del Canal de Panamá so that it may proceed to disable the access link to the same.
      The establishment of any type of link from the Web Page to another Web Site does not imply that there is any type of relationship, collaboration or dependence between the Museo del Canal de Panamá and the party responsible for the external Web Page.
    2. Links on other Websites to the Web Page
      If any User, entity or Site or Web Page wishes to establish any type of link to the Web Page, it must abide by the following stipulations: 

      • The link may only be directed to the Home Page of the Website, unless expressly authorized in writing by the Museo del Canal de Panamá.
      • The link must be absolute and complete, that is to say, it must take the User, by means of a click, to the URL address of the Web Page itself and must completely cover the entire extension of the screen of the Web Page's Home Page. Under no circumstances, unless expressly authorized in writing by the Museo del Canal de Panamá, may the Website that makes the link reproduce, in any way, the Web Page, include it as part of its Website or within one of its "frames" or create a "browser" over any of the pages of its Page or Website.
      • The Web Page that establishes the link may not state in any way that the Museo del Canal de Panamá has authorized such link, unless it has done so expressly and in writing. If the entity that makes the link from its page or Web site to the Web Page owned by the Museo del Canal Interoceánico de Panamá correctly wishes to include in its Web Page the trademark, denomination, commercial name, label, logo, slogan or any other type of identifying element owned by the Museo del Canal Interoceánico de Panamá and/or the Web Page, it must have prior express written authorization.
      • The Museo del Canal de Panamá does not authorize the establishment of a link to the Web Page from Web Sites that contain materials, information or contents that are illicit, illegal, degrading, obscene, and, in general, that contravene morality, public order or generally accepted social norms.

      The Museo del Canal de Panamá has neither the power nor the human and technical means to know, control or approve all the information, contents, products or services provided by other Web sites that have established links to the Web Page owned by the Museo del Canal de Panamá. In this regard, the Museo del Canal de Panamá assumes no responsibility whatsoever for any aspect related to the Web Page that establishes such link, specifically, but not limited to, its operation, access, data, information, files, quality and reliability of its products and services, its own links and/or any of its contents, in general.

  7. DURATION AND MODIFICATION.
    1. The Museo del Canal de Panamá may modify the terms and conditions herein, in whole or in part, by publishing any changes in the same manner in which these Terms of Use appear, through any type of communication addressed to the Users.
    2. The temporary validity of these Terms of Use coincides, therefore, with the time of its exposure, until they are modified in whole or in part, at which time it will become effective in the amended Terms of Use. 
    3. Notwithstanding the provisions of any Special Conditions that may be established, the Museo del Canal de Panamá may terminate, suspend or interrupt, at any time without prior notice, access to the contents of the site, without the User being able to claim any compensation whatsoever. After such termination, the prohibitions of use of the contents previously set forth in these Terms of Use shall remain in force.
  8. GENERAL.
    1. The headings of the various clauses are for information only, and shall not affect, qualify or extend the interpretation of the Terms of Use.
    2. In the event that any provision or provisions of these Terms of Use shall be held invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, by any court, tribunal or administrative body having jurisdiction, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the other provisions of the Terms of Use.
    3. The failure of the Museo del Canal de Panamá to exercise or enforce any right or provision contained in this Legal Notice shall not constitute a waiver thereof, unless acknowledged and agreed to in writing by you.
  9. CONSUMER GOODS WARRANTY.
    In case of defective product, the seller must proceed to the replacement or termination of the contract, steps that will be free for the consumer and user. The seller is liable for any lack of conformity that becomes apparent within two years of delivery. The consumer and user must inform the seller of the lack of conformity within two months of becoming aware of it. Previously, and as soon as Museo del Canal de Panamá is informed about the defective product, it will undergo a quality control in order to distinguish whether the defect corresponds to the use of the article or to a manufacturing defect.
  10. JURISDICTION. 
    These General Conditions are governed by the law of the Republic of Panama. The parties submit, at their option, for the resolution of conflicts and renouncing any other jurisdiction, to the courts and tribunals of the user's domicile. Likewise, as an entity adhered to THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA and in the terms of its DATA PROTECTION LAW, in case of controversies, the user will be able to go to the competent courts within the Republic of Panama.
Museum

Abierto: Martes a Domingo de 9:00 a.m. a 6:00 p.m.
Ticket office closes at 5:30 p.m.

Nationals - Residents :
Adults: $5.00 | Students: $2.50 | Retirees: $2.50 | Children (6 - 12 years): $2.50
Non-Residents:
Adultos: $15.00 | Estudiantes: $7.50 | Jubilados: $15.00 | Niños (6 - 12 años): $7.50
Others:
SENADIS Certificate Holders:

Plaza Catedral, between 5th and 6th streets, Casco Antiguo, Panama City, Panama

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Mosaic
French Canal

Mosaic

Industrially manufactured mosaic made of cement and paste, with inscription on the back Orsola Solá y Ca. Barcelona. These mosaics were installed in the Grand Hotel, which, during the construction of the canal by the French, was acquired to house the administrative offices of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama. It is now the Panama Interoceanic Canal Museum. Panama Interoceanic Canal Museum Fund.

Mosaic

Material: Cement and paste

Dimensions: 20 x 20 x 2.3 cm

French Canal

Lighthouse

Built in 1893, the steel structure is similar to the design of the Eiffel Tower. It was acquired by the Canal Commission on October 1, 1925. On June 7, 1972, the optics were replaced from an acetylene-activated to an automated battery-operated one. This lighthouse was located on Isla Grande, Colon in the Atlantic.

Faro

Date: 1893

Material: Bronze and Glass

Dimensions: 190 cm x 108 cm

MUCI (P.97.24.1)

Life magazine
Identity Search

Life magazine

The cover of Life magazine on 24 January 1964 went around the world showing that relations between Panama and the United States, regarding recognition of Panamanian sovereignty, were already reaching a tragic and regrettable point. Correspondent Tom Flaherty and photographer Stan Wayman include in this issue of the magazine the article Inside an ugly fight in Panama, which includes photographs of the events that took place on 9, 10 and 11 January of that year in the cities of Panama and Colón, in the areas bordering the Canal Zone. The content of the article maintains a pro-US view of the issue and relies on testimonies of Canal Zone inhabitants, so it is not surprising that it summarizes a sentiment that constantly alludes to communist and destabilizing hordes, and portrays Panamanians as mobs attacking the Americans, ignoring the roots of the conflict and the fatal results of the US army's armed aggression against an unarmed population.

Life magazine

Date: 1964

Material: paper

Dimensions: 35 x 26.5 cm

MUCI (13.2.143)

1903: Republic and U.S. Canal

Hanging medal souvenir, Canal visit

During 1913, tourist visits to the construction of the Canal were a phenomenon. It is estimated that some 20,000 people were interested in witnessing the progress of the work between January and June alone. The slope of Cucaracha Hill, in the Culebra Cut, was the ideal place to appreciate the magnitude of the effort deployed to divide the Central Mountain Range. Numerous books, pamphlets and tourist guides featured photographs and information about the work, the Canal Zone and the cities of Panama and Colon. With the visit of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to Panama in November 1906, the promotion of tourist tours to the Isthmus began, with the particular objective of admiring the progress of the works. Roosevelt's interest in promoting this stage, and the guarantee of its completion, was quickly taken advantage of by New York businessmen who organized tours that included visits to Culebra Cut, the cities of Panama and Colon, Old Panama and Portobelo. The marked success of these tours led the Isthmian Canal Commission to provide trains to serve the tourists, especially during the dry season on the Isthmus (between January and April). The tours summoned famous guests, such as Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Lord Bryce, President William Howard Taft, William Jennings Bryan, Charles Francis Adams, and a young man who decades later would break records in world aviation: Charles Lindbergh. The hanging medal souvenir is very representative of the tourism generated by the construction of the Canal, even before its completion. The medal shows on its obverse side a sailor standing on a pier, with the U.S. flag in the background to his right and the prow of a warship to his left. The setting of the medal reads: Visit to Panama Canal 1913, and features a wreath of laurels and crossed rifles, while the pendant with the word souvenir is held by an eagle against a background of crossed rifles and sabers. The reverse of the medal is imprinted with the Lord's Prayer and the name of the manufacturer: Schwaabs & S / Co / Milwaukee.

Suvenir de medalla colgante, visita al Canal

Date: 1913

Material: bronze and pewter

Dimensions: 5.7 x 3.7 cm

MUCI (13.2.125)

Canal Zone high schools brooch
1903: Republic and U.S. Canal

Canal Zone high schools brooch

With the arrival of school-age children in the Canal Zone, it became necessary for the authorities to establish appropriate schools for this unique community. The first Superintendent of Schools in the Canal Zone was Donald C. O'Connor, who in 1906 opened an educational center in Corozal, a pioneer in its field. Educational needs were met for the benefit of both the Gold Roll and the Silver Roll, since the Zone Government was aware that only through a public educational system, with high quality standards, could it guarantee the future stability and governability of the Canal Zone. In this sense, the educational plans considered that the student could "grow up to be" a Canal employee, so subjects such as Applied Mathematics, Workshop Methodology, Elementary Mechanics and Commercial English were included in the curriculum. Spanish was also taught. In the case of secondary education, Algebra, Geometry, Spanish, Latin, Rhetoric, Botany, Biology, Geography and History were taught. The investment in the construction of schools for permanent communities, once the construction of the Canal was completed, amounted to $560,000 between 1916 and 1920. The brooch shown here was made by Bastian Bros. Co. of Rochester, New York, for the Canal Zone Superintendent of Schools, probably to be distributed to teachers and students. Its obverse shows the inscription "Isthmus of Panama" on the circular border, and in the center, divided by crossed lines, the initials "C.Z.H.S." for Canal Zone High Schools. The back of the brooch shows the initials "B.B.Co.", corresponding to the manufacturing house.

Canal Zone high schools brooch

Date: c. 1913

Material: metal

Dimensions: 1.6 cm diameter

MUCI (13.2.61)

Protest ashtray of the Chagres Society
Life in the Zone

Protest ashtray of the Chagres Society

The annual dinner of the Chagres Society in 1915 was to be commemorated with this ashtray, on the left-hand edge of which is inscribed "We do our work". This expression was inscribed on other ashtrays as a reminder of the dinner, adding: "And now we pay rent". Such a reminder was made by the foundry of the Mechanics Division, and the phrases reflect something of the mood of the workers in the face of the changes that the completion of the work implied. Some of them would return to the United States, while others decided to stay. The Panama Canal Company, which replaced the Isthmian Canal Commission, began charging rents to the latter for the use of housing and other utilities they required, which was ironic to many of those involved in the colossal inter-oceanic enterprise.

Protest ashtray of the Chagres Society

Date: 1915

Material: Bronze

Dimensions: 13.6 cm diameter

MUCI (13.2.12)

Masonic Lodge Token
1903: Republic and U.S. Canal

Masonic Lodge Token

The token shown has the particularity of referring to the Masonic groups of the Canal Zone. On its obverse is the mallet and chisel, tools of the apprentice to begin the work of converting his rough stone into cubic stone. At the center of the obverse is the cornerstone, whose circle contains the acronym HTWSSTKS Hiram The Widow's Son Sent To King Solomon, a reference to Hiram, King Solomon's architect who is considered the founder of Freemasonry. On its reverse it can be read from the border: CANAL ZONE CHAPTER NO. 1. (ROYAL ARCH MASON) ANCON, C. 2 ("Chapter No. 1 of the Canal Zone, R.A.M., Ancon, C. 2"); then: INSTITUTED JULY 23, 1910 ("Established July 23, 1910"), and in the center ONE PENNY ("One cent"). York Rite Masonry came to the Canal Zone in 1910, when Chapter No. 1 of the Royal Arch Mason was established on the Pacific side. York Masonry would be established on the Atlantic in 1916. Among the most recognized lodges that came to the Canal Zone were the Abu Sadd, better known as Shriners, who participated in works of assistance to sick children, especially burns, who were cared for in the hospital institutions of the lodge.

One Penny, Canal Zone Chapter No. 1 R.A.M. Ancon C. 2

Date: July 23, 1910

Material: metal

Dimensions: 3.3 cm diameter

MUCI (06.27.7)

Suvenir de Garra de Águila
Life in the Zone

Eagle Claw Souvenir

One of the official souvenirs of the Exhibition, consisting of a bronze eagle's claw, holding a quartz rock on a wooden base, on which is written: ROCK FROM BOTTOM OF CULEBRA CUT PANAMA CANAL. Underneath the base reads: 'The ROCK held in this Eagle claw was removed out of the depths of the world famous CULEBRA CUT, Panama Canal, during the excavation period'. In the middle of the page appears the certification OFFICIAL PANAMA SOUVENIR Panama-Pacific International Exposition SAN FRANCISCO, 1915 ("Official souvenir of Panama, Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, 1915"). To conclude the letter, it includes the words of Colonel George W. Goethals, 25 April 1914: I have been informed that you have been gathering samples of the various kinds of the dirt, taken from the Cut, for the purpose.

Eagle Claw Souvenir

Date: 1915

Material: Wood, paper, stone and metal

Dimensions: 10 x 10 x 10 cm

MUCI (06.33.10)

Cenicero suvenir Exposición Internacional Panamá-Pacífico 1915
Life in the Zone

Cenicero souvenir Exposición Internacional Panamá - Pacífico 1915

Designed to collect cigarette butts and ashes, the ashtray was for decades a commonplace utensil in homes, workplaces and places of leisure. On more than a few occasions it has been used as a promotional item for companies, localities, institutions, commercial brands, etc. There are table-top ashtrays and ashtrays for communal areas. The former is for domestic use, while the latter is often used in receptions or waiting rooms. Ashtrays are made of metal or refractory glass. The image shows an ashtray alluding to the Exposition, which shows in high relief the crossing of ships from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It can be seen that these vessels have their point of departure on the east coast of the United States, specifically New York, although some of them apparently arrive at the Isthmus of Panama from Europe, heading for the east coast, straight to San Francisco. The border reads: SAN FRANCISCO 1915.

Cenicero San Francisco 1915 - Panama-Pacific International Exposition

Date: 1915

Material: metal

Size: 12.7 cm diameter

MUCI (10.23.26)

Life in the Zone

Zither guitar

Guitar zither, special model, Panama 1915. Made by Federal Stock Food Co., Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania. Patented on 20 May 1894.
Stringed instruments work on the basis of the vibration of taut strings and the arrangement of a soundboard that enhances the sound. Depending on the way the strings vibrate, instruments can be plucked, plucked or plucked. This is the case with guitars, violins and pianos. The guitar zither was first patented in the United States by the musical instrument maker Friedrich Menzenhauer in May 1894. This instrument is characterized by the fact that it has no frets to achieve its notes. Menzenhauer's two-stringed zither guitars had the characteristic of presenting the notes directly on the corresponding string and their tuning pegs were arranged in pairs. The zither guitar Special Panama Model 1915, commemorating the inauguration of the Canal, is a very unique piece, as connoisseurs assume that it was made by Oscar Schmidt, a former partner of Menzenhauer, in the 1850s. The inauguration of the Canal was in 1914, which is why the year printed on the instrument does not correspond, but it is important to note that commemorative prints on musical instruments were a very effective selling point.

Cítara guitarra, modelo especial, Panamá 1915. Realizada por Federal Stock Food Co., Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania.

Patented on 20 May 1894.

Date: 1915

Material: wood

Dimensions: 50.2 x 33.5 cm

MUCI (06.15.255)

Work identification cards. Diamond
1903: Republic and U.S. Canal

Work identification cards. Diamond

When the Canal Zone was established, a civilian identification system was needed to determine the labor relationship with the construction of the Canal. Faced with this civilian need, the Isthmus Canal Commission, the government institution in charge of building the Canal, decided to issue labor identification cards, whose functions were to allow the recognition of employees in general, to determine with precision when their salaries were paid, and to control access to its facilities, such as hotels and commissaries. The diamond-shaped tokens were the first to be issued by the Isthmus Canal Commission, in August 1905, and were made of bronze. When the numbers of the tokens issued exceeded five digits, a new variety was issued with six smaller numbers. This type of identification token was valid in the Canal Zone from 1905 to the end of 1907.

Canal Worker Identification, Isthmian Canal Commission 79682

Date: 1905-1907

Material: metal

Dimensions: 5.9 x 3.8 cm

MUCI (11.4.124)

Oval-collar railroad track bolt
1903: Republic and U.S. Canal

Oval-collar railroad track bolt

Railroad bolts and nails have been collector's items with reference to the Panama Canal. Their function was to hold the rails together and to the sleepers to prevent the tendency of the sleepers to spread out. Among the best known are the oval-necked railroad bolts, used mainly to fasten rails that had at least one through hole; the railroad lag bolt was used to fasten the rails to the sleepers or wooden sleepers, and the railroad nails to fasten the rails and other elements of the railroad. The screws and nails that are observed belong to the period of construction of the Panama Canal by the Americans.

Oval-collar railroad track bolt

Date: 1904-1914

Material: metal

Dimensions: 15.5 x 4.5 cm

MUCI (10.29.20)

Admiral Vernon Medal
The Route Under Spanish Colonial Rule (1501-1821)

Admiral Vernon Medal

In 1739, the Spanish-British conflict better known as "The War of Jenkins' Ear" took place in the Caribbean Sea. The curious name of this conflict is due to the action of the merchant Robert Jenkins, who showed Parliament his mutilated ear after the Spanish coast guard boarded his ship. Edward Vernon was one of the leading admirals on the English front. Vernon, then a vice admiral, captured the city of Portobelo, on the Isthmus of Panama, on November 22, 1739, in an attempt to weaken a strategic point of the Spanish Empire's finances in the West Indies. Vernon, with only six ships, took the city in 24 hours and occupied it for three weeks; he then withdrew and destroyed the fortifications, ports and warehouses. Vernon's seizure of Portobelo was a hard blow to Spanish trade, since it prevented the holding of fairs, obstructing the flow of merchandise and silver to the Spanish metropolis. This attack caused the Spanish Crown to abandon the system of fairs, and the Isthmus lost the commercial prestige it had maintained until then. The capture of Portobelo brought Vernon the glory of his memory. In England he was received with honors, a street in London was named Portobelo, a district in Dublin and a town in Virginia. Commemorative medals were also minted. One of these medals can be seen, showing on its obverse Vernon standing with a baton in his hand, pointing towards the G for glory, having a cannon and a ship in the background, and the writing: THE BRITISH GLORY REVIVED BY ADMIRAL VERNON ("The British glory revived by Admiral Vernon"); while the reverse shows the six ships in Portobelo Bay and has the writing: HE TOOK PORTO BELLO WITH SIX SHIPS ONLY ("He took Portobelo with six ships only"). It was minted in 1739.

Admiral Vernon Medal

Date: 1739

Material: metal

Size: 4 cm diameter

MUCI (11.5.15)

Stirrups of Baul or Moriscos
The Route Under Spanish Colonial Rule (1501-1821)

Stirrups of Baul or Moriscos

The stirrup, a piece of metal placed on each side of the saddle for the rider to support his feet, was one of the most important inventions of antiquity, as it helped to develop horsemanship. The first pairs of stirrups were made in China, approximately in 322 B.C., during the reign of the Jin dynasty, as protection for the rider's feet. The stirrup made its arrival in Europe with the war raids from Central Asia and was assumed as a cutting-edge technique in mounted warfare, as it provided the rider with greater support to undertake an attack. The horse was the means of transportation par excellence, and of social distinction during the Colony, so all the clothing that accompanied it, together with its rider, played an important role in the forms of social ostentation. The stirrups played a part in this desire to show society that the rider was someone important. The stirrups of the colonial elites were made of metal, frequently silver, although there were also bronze, iron and copper stirrups; the poor were limited to using wooden stirrups, since all metals were imported from Spain, and therefore expensive. The stirrups could be very simple or embossed, but always large and wide, to support the foot and not just the toe. (A-B) Traditional stirrups from the 16th-17th century. (C-D-E-F) Trunk stirrups or Moorish stirrups from the end of the 17th century. Made in bronze they could be embossed, engraved or plain.

Stirrups of Baul or Moriscos

Date: late 17th century

Material: metal

Dimensions: 12.8 x 11 x 14.3 cm

MUCI (11.4.10)

Horseshoe
The Route Under Spanish Colonial Rule (1501-1821)

Horseshoe

During the colonial period, mules played a fundamental role in trans-isthmian transportation; without them, the transfer of treasures to and from the fairs would not have been possible. Their breeding and maintenance were extremely costly for the time, especially in shoeing. It is estimated that by 1678, shoeing a mule cost four pesos, the equivalent of one peso per hoof or shoe. All the horseshoeing material was imported from Spain at a high cost, since no iron mines were discovered in America during colonial times. The iron arrived in Panama City in the form of plates and grates, which were later sent to the blacksmith workshops, where the master and official blacksmiths turned them into articles for daily use, such as horseshoes and the studs or nails necessary for their placement. The demand for horseshoes was constant, due to the volume of horse transport at the time, particularly for the mule fleet, as the ironwork had to be replenished again and again, due to the intensity of the trips across the Isthmus.

Horseshoe

Date: 16th century-early 19th century

Material: metal

Dimensions: 15 x 14.5 cm

MUCI (11.4.7)

Cowbell
The Route Under Spanish Colonial Rule (1501-1821)

Cowbell

Cowbells are cylindrical metal bells, which are tied to cattle and other grazing animals to locate them easily. These were used, during the colonial period in America, in the mares madrinas or "punteadoras", those that guided the mule trains, generally formed by between twelve and fourteen beasts.

Cowbell

Date: s/f

Material: metal

Dimensions: 11.5 x 8.5 cm

MUCI (11.4.8)

Perulera
The Route Under Spanish Colonial Rule (1501-1821)

Perulera

During the Colonial period, the packaging of commercial goods varied according to their contents, especially foodstuffs.
Wooden boxes, cloth sacks, blankets to protect the cargo and bijao (bihao) sheets were some of the materials used for packing or packaging solid foodstuffs.
For liquid products, such as wine, brandy and vinegar, the most common were wooden barrels, casks and vats, as well as earthenware jars. Since Peru specialized in the production of grapes and wine during the colonial period, there was a need to manufacture vessels for export; such is the case of the botija called perulera, narrow in the floor, wide in the belly and narrow in the mouth, like the one shown in this book.
Other botijas were made in Spain to market products such as olives in brine, oil, chickpeas and others.

Date: 16th century-early 19th century

Material: Clay

Dimensions: 87 x 140 cm

MUCI (06.33.28)